Op-Eds - Inter Gentes

¿Cumple Turquía con el estándar europeo del “tercer país seguro”? Consideraciones a partir del acuerdo migratorio con la Unión Europea

de Alessandra Enrico Headrington

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The recognition of Abkhazia by more States: A way to develop European interests in the South-Caucasus?

by Sophie Clamadieu

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A Propósito de la Propiedad de los Embriones In Vitro y el Derecho Internacional Europeo

de Profesora Dra. Torroja

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Informing Non-Refoulement Obligations with Responsibility to Protect

by Jenny Poon

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International Law and
People’s Resistance

By Dr Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo

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Atrocity, Crime, and Justice: Thick and Thin Accounts

By Dr Mark A. Drumbl

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The Perils and Promises
of Pluralism

By Dr Payam Akhavan

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Why Pluralism?
A Lesson From Greece

By Dr Emmanuel Melissaris

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Photo Credit: Slide 1 – “Chaos” by Jeremy Brooks | Slide 2 – Caucasus by Mika Stetovski | Slide 3 – Embryo by Daniel Kulinski | Slide 4 – Refugees Welcome by Hudson | Slide 5 – “balance” by Evonne | Slide 6 – Question Mark by Arek Socha | Slide 7 – “Earth Puzzle” by Sherene Hustler | Slide 8 – photo by Alber Häsler

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References [ + ]

1.	↑	Dual Master/LL.M. in Public International Law at Aix-Marseille University & University of Ottawa, Research Fellow in Public International & Armed conflicts Law - Caucasus Initiative
2.	↑	Gaïdz Minassian, “Grandes manœuvres au Caucase du Sud” (2008) 4 Politique Étrangère 775 at 777; Laure Delcour, "Le voisinage entre l’Union européenne et la Russie, nouvelle ligne de démarcation ?" (2008) 72:4 Revue internationale et stratégique 209 at 214.
3.	↑	See Minassian, ibid.
4.	↑	Konrad Zasztowt, “The South-Caucasus in the shadow of the Russian-Turkish crisis” (2016) 14 (864) Bull PISM at 2.
5.	↑	Interview of Cemre Erciyes by Sophie Clamadieu (April 2016) at the Centre for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Abkhazia, Sukhumi.
6.	↑	Danish Refugee Council, Accountability Framework (2016), online : <www.drc.dk/media/1181265/af-drc-in-georgia-proper-and-abkhazia-2016.pdf>.
7.	↑	Nicu Popescus, EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts: Stealth Intervention (Londres, Routledge, 2011) at 80.
8.	↑	Sinikukka Saari, “Georgia’s Search for the Third Way: Despite a Strong Westward Pull, Georgia Attempts to Improve its Relations with Russia”, online: (June 2014) Briefing Paper 157 Finnish Institute of International Affairs at 5.
9.	↑	Técnicamente se trata de los embriones creados in vitro restantes, que no se implantan en el útero para que puedan seguir su proceso biológico, sino que son congelados o vitrificados (técnica distinta, más moderna, que hoy generalmente ha reemplazado a la congelación) y posteriormente criopreservados, esto es, almacenados en recipientes especiales a muy bajas temperaturas para proteger su conservación y eventual futura implantación.
10.	↑	Parrillo c Italia No 46470/11, [2015] TEDH, 1 [Parrillo]; cf Helena Torroja Mateu, “¿Un derecho de propiedad sobre los embriones in vitro? ¿Un derecho a decidir su donación a la Ciencia? Un controvertido debate (TEDH, Parrillo c. Italia)”, (Mayo 2016), nº 39, Revista General de Derecho Europeo (http://www.iustel.com/v2/revistas/detalle_revista.asp?id=13) (para ver un análisis pormenorizado de la misma realizado anteriormente).
11.	↑	Parrillo, supra nota 2, en párr 215. El Tribunal utiliza la expresión “possessions” en versión inglesa y la de “biens” en versión francesa, que traducimos aquí por “bienes” en versión española.
12.	↑	Ibid, en párr 158.
13.	↑	Madeleine Schwartz, “Who Owns Pre-Embryos?”, The New Yorker (28 April, 2015) en línea: <http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/who-owns-pre-embryos> (por lo que queda sin resolver la tensión de a qué progenitor corresponde la “propiedad” o el “derecho de decisión sobre el destino de los embriones, que se ha planteado en tribunales internos de EEUU).
14.	↑	Ibid. en párr 158.
15.	↑	Ibid.
16.	↑	Declaración universal sobre el genoma humano y derechos humanos, 11 de noviembre de 1997, en párrs 1, 2, 10, 11, [UNESCO]; Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre la clonación humana, 8 de marzo de 2005, [Asamblea General]; Convenio para la protección de los derechos humanos y la dignidad del ser humano con respecto a las aplicaciones de la biología y la medicina, de 4 de abril de 1997, (1997) art 1. y su Protocolo adicional sobre prohibición de clonar seres humanos (1999). Ver también el análisis detallado de los instrumentos universales y regionales en la opinión concurrente del Juez Pinto de Albuquerque en Parrillo, supra nota 2.
17.	↑	Así por ejemplo, se ha constatado en relación a la expresión “dignidad humana” en el borrador de la Convención – que nunca llegó a ver la luz – contra la clonación humana de las Naciones Unidas, que su uso era el resultado de una intención política más que una intención normativa (Niels Petersen, “The Legal Status of the Human Embryo in vitro: General Human Rights Instruments”, (2005) 65 ZaöRV, a 460.).
18.	↑	TJUE, Oliver Brüstle v. Greenpeace E.V, C-34/10, [2011], I-9848 at I-9871.
19.	↑	TJUE, Dictamen nº 2/13 de 18 de diciembre 2014 por la que el Tribunal declara incompatible con el artículo 6.2 TUE y con el Protocolo núm. 8, el Proyecto de Acuerdo de adhesión de la UE al Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, adoptado tras las negociaciones finalizadas el 5 de abril de 2013.
20.	↑	Barrister & Solicitor (Ontario, Canada) and Ph.D. Candidate at the Faculty of Law of the University of Western Ontario. The author may be reached at jpoonlaw@gmail.com.
21.	↑	Canadian Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, Media Release, "Prime Minister Justin Trudeau calls upon the international community to exercise our collective Responsibility to Protect in Syria" (20 October 2016).
22.	↑	Ibid.
23.	↑	Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 137 at art 33(1) (entered into force 22 April 1954).
24.	↑	Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 10 December 1984, 1465 UNTS 85 at art 3 (entered into force 26 June 1987).
25.	↑	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees “UNHCR Note on Diplomatic Assurances and International Refugee Protection” (August 2006).
26.	↑	For instance, the principle of non-refoulement is part of customary international law, meaning that States are bound by this norm regardless of whether or not they are State parties to the Refugee Convention. Further, the principle of non-refoulement has been widely regarded as a jus cogens norm, which is a peremptory norm where no derogation is permitted.
27.	↑	United Nations Secretary General, Report on Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, UNGA, 63rd Sess, UN Doc A/63/677 (2009) [IRP].
28.	↑	Ibid at summary.
29.	↑	Ibid at para 1.
30.	↑	Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 17 July 1998, at arts 6-8 (entered into force 1 July 2002).
31.	↑	IRP supra note 8 at 8.
32.	↑	Ibid at 9.
33.	↑	Ibid.
34.	↑	Ibid.
35.	↑	Opinio juris is the subjective belief of States that they are bound by a legal norm. For more on customary international law, see: North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v Netherlands) [1969] ICJ Rep 3 at para 74.
36.	↑	Charter of the United Nations, 20 December 1971, 1 UNTS XVI at arts 1-2 (entered into force 24 September 1973).
37.	↑	Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade; Hague Academy of International Law, International Law for Humankind: Towards a New Jus Gentium General Course on Public International Law, vol 6 (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010) at 3.
38.	↑	WTO, “Understanding the WTO: The Organization. Whose WTO is it anyway?” .
39.	↑	Ibid.
40.	↑	This abbreviation stands for the Responsibility to Protect.
41.	↑	Supra note 1 at 28.
42.	↑	Ibid at 291-92.
43.	↑	See e.g. Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz: the Nazi assault on humanity, originally published in 1947 as Se questo è un uomo (If this is a man) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
44.	↑	See e.g. Viktor E Frankl, Man’s search for meaning, (New York: NY: Pocket Books, 1963).
45.	↑	See e.g. Ka-tzetnik 135633, Bet ha-bubot (The House of Dolls), (Tel-Aviv: Dvir, 1953).
46.	↑	See e.g. Imre Kertész, Fateless (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1992).
47.	↑	The Prosecutor v Dominic Ongwen, ICC-02/04-01/15, Initial Appearance Hearing (26 January 2015) (International Criminal Court).
48.	↑	The confirmation of charges hearing will be held at the seat of the ICC on 21 January 2016 (ICC, Press Release, ICC-CPI-20151028-PR1162, ‘’Ongwen case: the confirmation of charges hearing to be held at the seat of the ICC in The Hague’’ (18 October 2015).
49.	↑	Mark A Drumbl, Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
50.	↑	Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future, Summary of the Final Report, 2015, at 1.
51.	↑	International Law Commission, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law; Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission, finalized by Martti Koskenniemi, UN Doc A/CN4/L682 (13 April 2006) at para 1.
52.	↑	A peremptory norm of international law is “a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted” (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969, 1155 UNTS 331, art 53 (entered into force 27 January 1980)). Although some fundamental human rights, such as the prohibition of torture, are considered peremptory norms, not all human rights are considered non-derogable under international law.
53.	↑	See Sally Engle Merry, "Human Rights Law and the Demonization of Culture (And Anthropology Along the Way)’’, (2003) 26:1 Political and Legal Anthropology Review 55.
54.	↑	See for example, Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner, 1958); Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the rationalization of society, vol 1 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984) at 218.
55.	↑	See Johannes Andenæs, “The General Preventive Effects of Punishment” (1966) 114:7 U Pa L Rev 949 at 951.